Everything You Need to Know About Mite and Flea Bites
Parvovirus B19 Infection In Pregnancy
1. Brown T, Anand A, Ritchie LD, Clewley JP, Reid TM: Intrauterine parvovirus infection associated with hydrops fetalis. Lancet 1984; ii: 1033–4. MEDLINE 2. Kerr JR, Modrow S: Human and primate parvovirus infections and associated disease. In: Berns K et al., eds: Parvoviruses. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. 2006; 385–416. 3. Enders M, Weidner A, Zoellner I, Searle K, Enders G: Fetal morbidity and mortality after acute human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: prospective evaluation of 1018 cases. Prenat Diagn 2004; 24: 513–8. MEDLINE 4. Yaegashi N, Okamura K, Yajima A, Murai C, Sugamura K: The frequency of human parvovirus B19 infection in nonimmune hydrops fetalis. J Perinat Med 1994; 22: 159–63. MEDLINE 5. Public health laboratory service working party on fifth disease. Prospective study of human parvovirus (B19) infection in pregnancy. Br Med J 1990; 300: 1166–70. MEDLINE 6. Gratacos E, Torres PJ, Vidal J et al.: The incidence of human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and its impact on perinatal outcome. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1360–3. MEDLINE 7. Koch WC, Harger JH, Barnstein B, Adler SP: Serologic and virologic evidence for frequent intrauterine transmission of human parvovirus B19 with a primary maternal infection during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17: 489–94. MEDLINE 8. Harger JH, Adler SP, Koch WC, Harger GF: Prospective evaluation of 618 pregnant women exposed to parvovirus B19: risks and symtoms. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 413–20. MEDLINE 9. Miller E, Fairley C, Cohen BJ, Seng C: Immediate and long term outcome of human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 105: 174–8. MEDLINE 10. Skjoldebrand-Sparre L, Tolfvenstam T, Papadogiannakis N, Wahren B, Broliden K, Nyman M: Parvovirus B19 infection: association with third-trimester intrauterine fetal death. BJOG 2000; 107: 476–80. MEDLINE 11. Skjoldebrand-Sparre L, Fridell E, Nyman M, Wahren B: A prospective study of antibodies against parvovirus B19 in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 336–9. MEDLINE 12. Jensen IP, Thorsen P, Jeune B, Moller BR, Vestergaard BF: An epidemic of parvovirus B19 in a population of 3,596 pregnant women: a study of sociodemographic and medical risk factors. BJOG 2000; 107: 637–43. MEDLINE 13. Valeur-Jensen AK, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T et al.: Risk factors for parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy. JAMA 1999; 281: 1099–105. MEDLINE 14. Alanen A, Kahala K, Vahlberg T, Koskela P, Vainionpaa R: Seroprevalence, incidence of prenatal infections and reliability of maternal history of varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and parvovirus B19 infection in South-Western Finland. BJOG 2005; 112: 50–6. MEDLINE 15. Knowles SJ, Grundy K, Cahill I, Cafferkey MT: Susceptibility to infectious rash illness in pregnant women from diverse geographical regions. 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Ziyaeyan M, Rasouli M, Alborzi A: The seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 infection among to-be-married girls, pregnant women, and their neonates in Shiraz, Iran. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005; 58: 95–7. MEDLINE 21. Koch WC, Adler SP: Human parvovirus B19 infections in women of childbearing age and within families. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8: 83–7. MEDLINE 22. Noyola DE, Padilla-Ruiz ML, Obregon-Ramos MG, Zayas P, Perez-Romano B: Parvovirus B19 infection in medical students during a hospital outbreak. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 141–6. MEDLINE 23. Ray SM, Erdman DD, Berschling JD, Cooper JE, Torok TJ, Blumberg HM: Nosocomial exposure to parvovirus B19: low risk of transmission to healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 109–14. MEDLINE 24. Dowell SF, Török TJ, Thorp JA et al.: Parvovirus B19 infection in hospital workers: community or hospital acquisition? J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 1076–9. MEDLINE 25. Mead PB et al., eds: Protocols for infectious diseases in obstretic. (Protocols in obstretic and gynecology). Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. 2000; 171–80. E1. Manaresi E, Gallinella G, Morselli Labate AM et al.: Seroprevalence of IgG against conformational and linear capsid antigens of parvovirus B19 in italian blood donors. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132: 857–62. MEDLINE e2. Odland IO, Sergejeva IV, Ivaneer MD et al.: Seropositivity of cytomegalovirus, parvovirus and rubella in pregnant women and recurrent aborters in Leningrad County, Russia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80: 1025–9. MEDLINEDengue Fever Infections Can Impact Infant Health For Three Years
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Dengue fever is the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease globally and poses a threat to half of the world's population. There has been a dramatic rise in cases over recent years, with cases in the Americas reaching more than three million cases in 2023. Since January 2024, Brazil has reported more than 3.5 million cases, marking the largest dengue outbreak on record.
The paper, co-authored by Dr Livia Menezes from the University of Birmingham and Dr Martin Foureaux Koppensteiner from the University of Surrey, has been published in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.
This paper sets out robust research which shows that being infected with dengue fever, even with a mild case, whilst pregnant can have a significant impact on the health of the child once born.
Dr Livia Menezes, Birmingham Business SchoolThe study looks at a large data set of dengue fever infections in expectant mothers from Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the resulting birth outcomes. It finds that babies born to women who were infected with dengue fever during their pregnancy had lower birth weights, increasing the risk of newborns being classed as having a very and extremely low birth weight by 67% and 133%, respectively.
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Subscribe for FREEDr Livia Menezes, Assistant Professor in Economics at the University of Birmingham and co-author of the study said: "Even though dengue is a very common mosquito-borne disease, there has not been much attention given to the impact it has on birth outcomes and as a result, what can be done to improve them and protect pregnant women and their children.
"This paper sets out robust research which shows that being infected with dengue fever, even with a mild case, whilst pregnant can have a significant impact on the health of the child once born. These birth outcomes can even have longer-term impacts, for example, previous research has shown that low birth weight can negatively affect socio-economic outcomes and health in adulthood."
The researchers also found that children whose mothers were infected with dengue fever whilst pregnant had a 27% increased risk of being hospitalised from birth to age three. The highest risk of hospitalisation for these children comes in their second year of life, where there is a 76% increase.
Dr Martin Foureaux Koppensteiner, Associate Professor in Economics at the University of Surrey said: "These negative birth outcomes are not only limited to the health of individual children and mothers, but they have a much wider impact for communities where dengue fever is common. Hospitalisations and ongoing health issues resulting from maternal infections all have a cost, and one that could be avoided, or at least minimised with increased awareness and improved policy.
"We strongly suggest that dengue fever should be considered alongside the TORCH infections to manage and avoid when pregnant, which currently include Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, HIV, syphilis, chicken pox, Zika, and influenza among others."
As the planet heats, we can expect to see dengue fever become even more common in countries that have previously not had high infection rates. This is a problem that needs to be taken seriously, and quickly.
Dr Livia Menezes, Birmingham Business SchoolThe study also highlights the possible consequences of climate change expanding the reach of dengue fever. While the disease has historically been limited to tropical and subtropical regions, it now has an established presence in over 120 countries. Aedes mosquitoes, which carry and transmit dengue, have found breeding grounds in countries previously unaffected, including Croatia, France, Portugal, and the southern states of the USA.
Dr Menezes concludes: "As the planet heats, we can expect to see dengue fever become even more common in countries that have previously not had high infection rates. This is a problem that needs to be taken seriously, and quickly.
"Policy changes and things like vector control, updated risk communication with key groups and vaccine adoption can all reduce the risk of pregnant women being infected with dengue. Action needs to be taken by governments and health organisations to provide better protection for pregnant women and their children."
Reference: Koppensteiner MF, Menezes L. Maternal dengue and health outcomes of children. Am Econ J: Appl Econ. 2024;16(2):530-553. Doi: 10.1257/app.20210656
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World Immunisation Week 2024: 5 Most Important Vaccines For Infants And Children
Vaccines have been instrumental in preventing numerous infectious diseases, saving millions of lives worldwide. As World Immunisation Week 2024 is observed today, April 24, it's essential to emphasise the importance of vaccination in safeguarding the health and well-being of our children. For infants and children, certain vaccines are particularly crucial in protecting them from potentially life-threatening illnesses.
Ensuring that infants and children receive these essential vaccines according to recommended schedules is vital in protecting their health and the health of the community at large. By prioritising vaccination efforts, we can continue to prevent disease, save lives, and build healthier communities for future generations. Here, we highlight five of the most important vaccines every parent should ensure their child receives.
1. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) VaccineThe MMR vaccine is a combined vaccine that protects against three highly contagious diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles). Measles, in particular, can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis, while mumps can cause deafness and meningitis. Rubella infection during pregnancy can result in congenital rubella syndrome, leading to birth defects in infants. Administering the MMR vaccine provides immunity against these diseases and helps prevent their spread within communities.
2. Polio VaccinePolio, caused by the poliovirus, can lead to paralysis and even death. Thanks to widespread vaccination efforts, polio has been nearly eradicated globally. However, the disease still poses a threat in regions where vaccination coverage is insufficient. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) are both effective in preventing polio infection. Timely administration of the polio vaccine is crucial in ensuring lifelong immunity against this debilitating disease.
3. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) VaccineThe DTaP vaccine protects against three bacterial infections: diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough). Diphtheria can lead to severe respiratory problems and heart failure, while tetanus causes muscle stiffness and spasms. Pertussis, especially dangerous in infants, can result in prolonged coughing fits and respiratory complications. The DTaP vaccine is typically administered in a series of doses during infancy and early childhood, providing robust protection against these infectious diseases.
4. Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) VaccineHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterium responsible for various severe infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and epiglottitis. Hib infections can be particularly dangerous in young children, often leading to serious complications or even death. The Hib vaccine effectively prevents these infections by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacterium. Including the Hib vaccine in routine immunisation schedules has significantly reduced the incidence of Hib-related diseases worldwide.
5. Hepatitis B VaccineHepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver, potentially leading to chronic liver disease, liver cancer, and death. Infants and young children are especially vulnerable to hepatitis B infection if exposed. The hepatitis B vaccine is administered in a series of doses shortly after birth and during infancy, providing long-lasting immunity against the virus. Vaccination against hepatitis B is crucial in preventing transmission from mother to child and reducing the overall burden of this infectious disease.
ALSO READ: World Immunisation Week 2024: Date, theme, history, significance and all you need to know
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